at Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Gheorghe Benga and 挀漀眀漀爀欀攀爀猀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 氀漀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 栀甀洀愀渀 ⠀刀䈀䌀⤀ 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀
among polypeptides migrating in the region of 35-60 kDa on the electroforetogram of RBC membranes (Benga Gh, 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀倀漀瀀攀猀挀甀 伀Ⰰ 倀漀瀀 䤀嘀Ⰰ 䠀漀氀洀攀猀 刀Ⰰ 䈀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀Ⰰ ㈀㔀Ⰰ 㔀㌀㔀ⴀ㔀㌀㠀Ⰰ 㤀㠀㘀⤀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 氀愀渀搀洀愀爀欀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 䈀攀渀最愀 愀氀猀漀
indicated the way to further studies, by protein purification and reconstitution in lipid vesicles (liposomes). This 眀漀爀欀 眀愀猀 攀砀琀攀渀搀攀搀 ⠀䈀攀渀最愀 䜀栀Ⰰ 倀漀瀀攀猀挀甀 伀Ⰰ 䈀漀爀稀愀 嘀椀挀琀漀爀椀愀Ⰰ 倀漀瀀 嘀䤀Ⰰ 䴀甀爀攀开愀渀 䄀Ⰰ 䴀漀挀猀礀 䤀Ⰰ 䈀爀愀椀渀 䄀Ⰰ 圀爀椀最最氀攀猀眀漀爀琀栀
JM, Eur J Cell Biol 41: 252-262, 1986) and reviewed by Benga in several articles including a chapter in a book 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀匀䄀 ⠀䈀攀渀最愀 䜀栀Ⰰ ⠀䔀搀⤀ 㤀㠀㤀⸀ 圀愀琀攀爀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 椀渀 戀椀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀猀⸀ 䌀刀䌀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ 䈀漀挀愀 刀愀琀漀渀⤀⸀
In 1988, Peter Agre and coworkers (Denker BM, Smith BL, Kuhaida FP, Agre P, J. Biol. Chem. 1988, ㈀㘀㌀㨀㔀㘀㌀㐀ⴀ㔀㘀㐀㈀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀栀攀猀甀猀 戀氀漀漀搀 最爀漀甀瀀 愀渀琀椀最攀渀 愀琀 䨀漀栀渀猀 䠀漀瀀欀椀渀猀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 椀渀 䈀愀氀琀椀洀漀爀攀Ⰰ USA, serendipitously isolated a new 28 kDa membrane protein from human red blood cells, called, CHIP28 ⠀ᰀ挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 昀漀爀洀椀渀最 椀渀琀攀最爀愀氀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 漀昀 ㈀㠀 欀䐀愀氀琀漀渀猀⤀㬀 椀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 ㈀㠀 欀䐀愀 挀漀洀瀀漀渀攀渀琀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 had a 35-60 kDa glycosylated component, the one detected in 1986 by the Bengas group. Agre and coworkers 猀甀最最攀猀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 ᰀ琀栀椀猀 渀攀眀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 洀愀礀 瀀氀愀礀 愀 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 氀椀渀欀愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 猀欀攀氀攀琀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀椀瀀椀搀 戀椀氀愀礀攀爀ᴀ ⠀匀洀椀琀栀 BL, Agre P., J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266:6407-6415). 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀伀渀氀礀 椀渀 㤀㤀㈀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䄀最爀攀ᤀ猀 最爀漀甀瀀 猀甀最最攀猀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 ᰀ椀琀 椀猀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 䌀䠀䤀倀㈀㠀 椀猀 愀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀愀氀 甀渀椀琀 漀昀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 water channels (Preston G.M, Carroll TP, Guggino WB, Agre P, Science, 1992, 256:385-387). In this paper, they挀椀琀攀搀 愀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 漀昀 䈀攀渀最愀 愀渀搀 挀漀眀漀爀欀攀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 㤀㠀㌀ ⠀䈀攀渀最愀 䜀栀Ⰰ 倀漀瀀攀猀挀甀 伀Ⰰ 倀漀瀀 嘀䤀⸀ 㤀㠀㌀Ⰰ 䌀攀氀氀 䈀椀漀氀 䤀渀琀 刀攀瀀Ⰰ 㜀㨀 㠀 㜀ⴀ 818), without mentioning their landmark 1986 papers or any of the reviews. In 1993 CHIP28 was renamed 愀焀甀愀瀀漀爀椀渀 ⠀琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀⤀⸀
It is obvious and overwhelmingly documented from the facts presented above that the first water channel 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 ⠀愀焀甀愀瀀漀爀椀渀 ⤀ 眀愀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 刀漀洀愀渀椀愀渀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀 䜀栀攀漀爀最栀攀 䈀攀渀最愀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀渀 㤀㠀㔀 愀渀搀 reported in publications in 1986. They detected the glycosylated form of the protein (subsequently worked on by䄀最爀攀ᤀ猀 最爀漀甀瀀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀礀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀氀礀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀攀搀 愀猀 瀀氀愀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀 欀攀礀 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 刀䈀䌀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀⸀
In October 2003, Peter Agre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for the discovery of water 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀猀ᴀ⸀ 䄀渀 椀渀瘀椀琀攀搀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀猀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀 眀愀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 戀礀 䈀攀渀最愀 椀渀 September 2003, one month before the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded (Benga Gh, Cell Biol. Int. 2003, ㈀㜀㨀㜀 ⴀ㜀 㤀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀攀洀椀渀愀氀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 昀爀漀洀 㤀㠀㘀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䈀攀渀最愀ᤀ猀 最爀漀甀瀀Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 completely overlooked by the Nobel Prize Committee. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 愀渀渀漀甀渀挀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㈀ ㌀ 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 眀愀猀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀搀 戀礀 一漀戀攀氀 䘀漀甀渀搀愀琀椀漀渀 Gheorghe Benga爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 愀 洀甀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 猀瀀漀渀琀愀渀攀漀甀猀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 ⠀瀀栀漀渀攀 挀愀氀氀猀Ⰰ 䔀ⴀ洀愀椀氀攀搀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 愀渀搀 昀愀砀攀搀 letters) from all over the world. The scientists who sent messages to Gheorghe Benga considered that in fact he 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀搀 戀氀漀漀搀 挀攀氀氀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀猀 ⠀琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 氀愀琀攀爀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀焀甀愀瀀漀爀椀渀⤀ several years before Peter Agre and the chemical definition of this channel protein by Peter Agre has no more value 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 氀愀戀攀氀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀搀 戀氀漀漀搀 挀攀氀氀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 is located. As a result Gheorghe Benga wrote a PETITION, presented on October 18琀栀 at the 6琀栀 International 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀匀礀洀瀀漀猀椀甀洀 漀昀 䴀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䴀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀 ⠀䠀攀爀猀漀渀椀猀猀漀猀Ⰰ 䌀爀攀琀攀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀攀挀攀⤀ 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 渀漀眀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 愀琀Ⰰ where a full background to the controversy can be seen.. 吀栀攀 瀀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 䜀栀攀漀爀最栀攀 䈀攀渀最愀ᤀ猀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 mentioned in comments on the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry⠀䈀爀愀搀氀攀礀 D. Spotlight, 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 IJ, Kuchel P., Medical Journal Australia, 179: 611-613, 2003; Rogerund K. Kemipriset vållar ny Nobelstrid, 䐀愀最攀渀猀 一礀栀攀琀攀爀Ⰰ 䐀攀挀攀洀戀爀椀攀 ㈀ ㌀㬀 匀琀爀椀搀 欀爀椀渀最 洀攀搀椀挀椀渀瀀爀椀猀攀琀⸀⸀⸀⸀漀挀栀 欀爀椀渀最 欀攀洀椀瀀爀椀猀攀琀Ⰰ 匀礀搀猀瘀攀渀猀欀愀 䐀愀最戀氀愀搀攀琀Ⰰ December 11, 2003; Nobel mystery. Newsletter of Kings College, January 2004). 䴀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 ㈀ 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀爀猀 昀漀爀洀 搀漀稀攀渀猀 漀昀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 愀 一漀戀攀氀 䰀愀甀爀攀愀琀攀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀攀 猀椀最渀攀搀 愀琀 astra.ro/benga. By now, many academic institutions, faculties, universities, scientific organizations and 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀猀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀攀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀搀 䜀栀攀漀爀最栀攀 䈀攀渀最愀 愀猀 愀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 before Pete爀 䄀最爀攀⸀䌀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀猀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 愀戀漀瘀攀Ⰰ 眀攀 愀最爀攀攀 琀漀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀 䜀栀攀漀爀最栀攀 䈀攀渀最愀 愀猀 愀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀爀 漀昀 the first water channel protein a few years before Peter Agre (2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry).㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 㰀瀀㸀 䄀渀挀攀猀琀爀愀氀 漀爀椀最椀渀猀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In 1862, Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, a bill opening one half million square miles of territory in the western United States for settlement. The Homestead Act offered new arrivals from other countries the opportunity to stake and develop farms of 160 acres by simply working the land for five years. Although they were only in their teens or early twenties, my great grandparents individually left their villages in Norway and Sweden between 1875 and 1885 and migrated to western Minnesota and South Dakota. Similar to the protagonists in the epics of Ole Rolvaag and Vilhelm Moberg, they worked the rich farmland, married, raised families, and achieved prosperity unattainable at that time in Scandinavia.㰀戀爀㸀 Things changed for my parents' generation. My father, Courtland Agre, and his two sisters grew up in Wallace, a hamlet in eastern South Dakota where his parents ran the general store. Wallace was also the hometown of Hubert Humphrey, and while my aunt Pearl remembers baby-sitting young Hubert, my father, an ardent Republican, claimed that they never met. To accommodate their educational needs, my grandparents moved the family to a larger town and ultimately to Minneapolis where Dad earned his B.S. and Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Minnesota. He contributed to the U.S. effort in World War II by working as an experimental polymer chemist for the 3M company. My mother, Ellen Swedberg, was the sixth of eight children. Her upbringing was more severe. She was only five years old when her mother died; later her father lost their farm in Twin Brooks, South Dakota during the Depression. At age 18, Mother moved to St. Paul in order to support herself. Despite eleven years difference in age, Dad and Mom met at a Lutheran church social, fell in love, and married. I was never certain how much their families approved, since even small differences in geographical origins are taken very seriously by Scandinavians. The Agres were Norwegian (Osterdalen and Trondelag), while the Swedbergs had mixed origins - Swedish (Skåne) and Norwegian (Telemark).㰀⼀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Childhood
䘀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 圀圀䤀䤀Ⰰ 洀礀 瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 一漀爀琀栀昀椀攀氀搀Ⰰ 愀 琀漀眀渀 㐀 洀椀氀攀猀 猀漀甀琀栀 漀昀 䴀椀渀渀攀愀瀀漀氀椀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 䐀愀搀 眀愀猀 爀攀挀爀甀椀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 愀琀 匀琀⸀ 伀氀愀昀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀⸀ 䐀愀搀 眀愀猀 攀渀攀爀最攀琀椀挀 愀渀搀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 栀攀氀瀀 漀昀 栀椀猀 匀琀⸀ 伀氀愀昀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀猀Ⰰ 栀攀 戀甀椀氀琀 漀甀爀 栀漀甀猀攀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀攀攀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀 愀琀栀氀攀琀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀愀搀漀眀猀⸀ 圀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 氀漀漀欀 甀瀀 愀琀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀 昀爀漀洀 漀甀爀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 爀漀漀洀⸀ 䄀猀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䴀漀洀 栀愀搀 戀愀戀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀漀漀欀 挀愀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀愀洀椀氀礀⸀ 倀爀攀挀攀搀攀搀 琀眀漀 礀攀愀爀猀 戀礀 洀礀 猀椀猀琀攀爀 䄀渀渀攀琀琀愀Ⰰ 䤀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 漀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㌀ Ⰰ 㤀㐀㤀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀渀最氀椀挀椀稀攀搀 渀愀洀攀 漀昀 洀礀 最爀愀渀搀昀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 倀攀搀攀爀⸀ 䴀礀 挀氀漀猀攀猀琀 猀椀戀氀椀渀最Ⰰ 䨀愀洀攀猀 ⠀䨀椀洀⤀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 漀渀攀 礀攀愀爀 氀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 戀礀 倀愀甀氀Ⰰ 刀甀琀栀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䴀愀爀欀⸀ 圀攀 栀愀搀 愀渀 椀搀礀氀氀椀挀 挀栀椀氀搀栀漀漀搀⸀ 䜀爀愀渀搀洀漀琀栀攀爀 䄀最爀攀 氀椀瘀攀搀 渀攀愀爀戀礀 愀渀搀 挀漀愀砀攀搀 甀猀 琀漀 猀瀀攀愀欀 爀甀搀椀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 一漀爀眀攀最椀愀渀 椀渀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 昀漀爀 挀漀漀欀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 戀爀椀戀攀猀 ⠀∀䨀攀最 氀椀欀攀爀 䈀攀猀琀攀洀漀爀✀猀 洀愀琀℀∀⤀⸀ 一漀爀琀栀昀椀攀氀搀 眀愀猀 椀渀 洀愀渀礀 眀愀礀猀 愀 渀攀眀ⴀ眀漀爀氀搀 攀渀挀氀愀瘀攀 漀昀 瀀爀攀ⴀ䤀戀猀攀渀 一漀爀眀愀礀 眀椀琀栀 㤀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 愀渀搀 猀漀挀椀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀瘀攀 瘀愀氀甀攀猀⸀ 䴀礀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀 栀愀搀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 渀愀洀攀猀 氀椀欀攀 䰀甀渀搀攀爀Ⰰ 䘀椀渀栀漀氀琀Ⰰ 䈀攀爀最氀甀渀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䘀爀攀搀爀椀欀猀攀渀⸀ 圀攀 猀挀栀漀漀氀挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀 愀氀氀 猀愀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀椀氀氀猀椀搀攀 眀愀瘀椀渀最 漀甀爀 一漀爀眀攀最椀愀渀 昀氀愀最猀 眀栀攀渀 䬀椀渀最 䠀愀愀欀漀渀 瘀椀猀椀琀攀搀 匀琀⸀ 伀氀愀昀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 挀栀愀甀昀昀攀甀爀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀椀渀 猀琀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 漀渀氀礀 䌀愀搀椀氀氀愀挀 椀渀 琀漀眀渀 ⴀ 漀眀渀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 氀漀挀愀氀 瀀氀甀洀戀攀爀⸀ 圀攀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 栀愀搀 氀甀琀攀昀椀猀欀 昀漀爀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀洀愀猀 搀椀渀渀攀爀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 䐀愀搀 爀攀愀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 一漀爀眀攀最椀愀渀 䈀椀戀氀攀⸀ 䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀猀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀攀氀挀漀洀攀搀 甀猀 椀渀琀漀 栀椀猀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 愀琀 匀琀⸀ 伀氀愀昀 眀栀攀爀攀 栀攀 爀椀最最攀搀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 ∀攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀猀∀ 昀漀爀 甀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 挀栀愀渀最椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀漀氀漀爀 漀昀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀漀爀 搀礀攀 戀礀 愀搀搀椀渀最 愀挀椀搀 漀爀 戀愀猀攀⸀ 䄀猀 愀 礀漀甀渀最猀琀攀爀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 漀戀瘀椀漀甀猀 琀漀 洀攀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 昀漀氀氀漀眀 洀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀✀猀 挀愀爀攀攀爀 瀀愀琀栀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 栀攀 眀愀猀 洀礀 最爀攀愀琀攀猀琀 栀攀爀漀⸀
Courtland Agre in his lab at St. Olaf College. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
Life changed for our family while I was in the third grade. Grandmother Agre died, and Dad decided to take a sabbatical year at the University of California. Dad had high aspirations, and through the American Chemical Society he became acquainted with renowned scientists. Berkeley was an amazing change from Northfield, and Jim and I attempted, with limited success, to demonstrate our Norwegian athletic and scholastic superiority to the smart and culturally heterogeneous Berkeley youngsters. It was at this time that my brother Paul was recognized as mentally retarded, and my sister Ruth began to exhibit her lifelong personality disorder with lack of impulse control. While they never fretted openly, these problems must have caused my parents profound heartache.㰀戀爀㸀
Following the year in Berkeley, we returned to Minnesota. Always eager for a challenge, Dad accepted a professorship at Augsburg College, a small Norwegian Lutheran college in Minneapolis with a chemistry department in need of help. We lived in a beautiful, large brick house on the banks of Lake Nokomis and went to the public schools. My inconsistent academic performance was usually well tolerated, as I tried to amuse my school classes with my practical jokes and amateurish wit. As in Northfield, my teachers were the kindest and nicest people imaginable. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of a teacher in the life of a child, and my all-time favorite was my sixth grade teacher Richard Hughes whose kindly personality and gentle sense of humor inspired in us the idea that learning is wonderfully fun. This impression was shared by many. My classmate Julia Lofness remains a close personal friend and still cheers me by retelling events from our days in Mr. Hughes' class.㰀⼀戀爀㸀㰀戀爀㸀
My brother Jim and I spent many wonderful summers working on dairy farms in Wisconsin owned by Mom's cousins, and as members of our local Boy Scout troop. Scouting was a particularly important activity for us, and through the generous instruction of our Scoutmasters, Harold Neuendorf and Francis McMahon, we learned the resourcefulness needed to camp out even in Minnesota winters. One of our happiest times was in 1964 when Jim and I received our Eagle Scout Awards together - Dad carried that snapshot in his wallet for the rest of his life. Dad's presence was always palpable. Needing a medical doctor to perform physical examinations before summer camp, Dad always arranged for one of his former St. Olaf students to serve. One summer, Dr. Charles Mayo, grandson of the Mayo Clinic founder, examined the boys of Troop 185. Also as a Scout, I developed a deep interest in the culture of the Ojibway Indians of Northern Minnesota and explored the Canadian wilderness by canoe - an activity that I still undertake with family members each summer. In retrospect, another remarkable experience was the several-days visit to our home by Dad's friend Linus Pauling who presented lectures on physical chemistry (subject of his 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) and the dangers of nuclear arms (subject of his 1962 Nobel Peace Prize). In person, Pauling was jovial, confident, and more engaging than anyone we had ever met. Dad always raved that Pauling's accomplishments were the greatest, and he instilled in us his view that the Nobel Prize is the closest thing to the Holy Grail.㰀⼀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
High school and college㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀䴀礀 礀攀愀爀猀 愀琀 吀栀攀漀搀漀爀攀 刀漀漀猀攀瘀攀氀琀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 爀攀愀猀漀渀猀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀猀⸀ 䰀椀欀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 愀搀漀氀攀猀挀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 䤀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀 猀琀爀漀渀最 愀琀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 最椀爀氀猀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 洀礀 瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀✀ 椀搀攀愀猀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 琀栀攀 氀攀愀猀琀 戀椀琀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀椀渀最⸀ 䤀 攀愀爀渀攀搀 洀漀渀攀礀 愀猀 愀 挀漀渀挀攀猀猀椀漀渀 猀愀氀攀猀洀愀渀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䴀椀渀渀攀猀漀琀愀 吀眀椀渀猀 愀渀搀 嘀椀欀椀渀最猀 最愀洀攀猀⸀ 䄀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 䤀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀 氀椀昀攀氀漀渀最 氀漀瘀攀 漀昀 挀爀漀猀猀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 猀欀椀椀渀最 愀渀搀 氀漀渀最 搀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀 戀椀挀礀挀氀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 洀礀 挀氀漀猀攀 昀爀椀攀渀搀 愀渀搀 挀氀愀猀猀洀愀琀攀 吀漀洀 倀愀最攀Ⰰ 愀渀 愀猀瀀椀爀椀渀最 愀爀琀椀猀琀 愀渀搀 昀攀氀氀漀眀 愀搀瘀攀渀琀甀爀攀爀⸀ 䘀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 洀礀 樀甀渀椀漀爀 礀攀愀爀 椀渀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀Ⰰ 䤀 眀攀渀琀 漀渀 愀 挀愀洀瀀椀渀最 琀爀椀瀀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 刀甀猀猀椀愀 椀渀 愀 最爀漀甀瀀 氀攀搀 戀礀 䠀漀爀猀琀 䴀漀洀戀攀爀Ⰰ 愀 礀漀甀渀最 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 刀漀漀猀攀瘀攀氀琀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瀀攀爀洀愀渀攀渀琀氀礀 猀瀀愀爀欀攀搀 最爀攀愀琀 攀渀琀栀甀猀椀愀猀洀 昀漀爀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀 椀渀 洀攀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 洀礀 爀攀琀甀爀渀Ⰰ 䤀 最爀愀瘀椀琀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 䈀漀栀攀洀椀愀渀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䘀愀渀挀礀椀渀最 洀礀猀攀氀昀 愀猀 猀漀洀攀 猀漀爀琀 漀昀 䈀漀氀猀栀攀瘀椀欀Ⰰ 洀礀 猀攀渀椀漀爀 礀攀愀爀 椀渀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 眀攀渀琀 戀愀搀氀礀 椀渀 琀攀爀洀猀 漀昀 挀漀渀昀漀爀洀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 洀礀 昀愀洀椀氀礀✀猀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 刀攀戀攀氀氀椀渀最 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 洀礀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 䤀 猀攀氀昀ⴀ瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀渀 甀渀搀攀爀最爀漀甀渀搀 渀攀眀猀瀀愀瀀攀爀Ⰰ 吀栀攀 匀甀戀猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 ⴀ 愀 瀀愀爀漀搀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀漀漀猀攀瘀攀氀琀 䠀椀最栀 匀挀栀漀漀氀 匀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀⸀ 伀甀爀 昀漀爀愀礀 椀渀琀漀 渀攀眀猀瀀愀瀀攀爀 眀漀爀欀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 洀甀挀栀 搀攀氀椀最栀琀 愀洀漀渀最猀琀 攀瘀攀爀礀漀渀攀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 琀栀攀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䘀愀挀椀渀最 搀椀猀洀椀猀猀愀氀Ⰰ 䤀 眀椀琀栀搀爀攀眀 昀爀漀洀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 漀昀 㤀㘀㜀 眀栀攀渀 洀礀 最爀愀搀攀 椀渀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 栀愀搀 搀爀漀瀀瀀攀搀 琀漀 愀 ∀䐀⸀∀ 一攀瘀攀爀琀栀攀氀攀猀猀Ⰰ 䤀 昀椀渀椀猀栀攀搀 洀礀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 搀攀最爀攀攀 椀渀 渀椀最栀琀 猀挀栀漀漀氀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䤀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 刀甀猀猀椀愀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 愀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䴀椀渀渀攀猀漀琀愀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 搀愀礀⸀ 䤀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 琀栀攀 攀瘀攀渀椀渀最 猀栀椀昀琀 愀渀搀 搀爀漀瘀攀 愀 琀爀甀挀欀 昀漀爀 愀 昀愀挀琀漀爀礀 洀愀欀椀渀最 搀甀洀洀礀 氀愀渀搀 洀椀渀攀猀 愀渀搀 瀀愀爀琀猀 昀漀爀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 搀攀猀琀椀渀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀 椀渀 嘀椀攀琀渀愀洀⸀
吀栀椀猀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀氀 眀漀爀氀搀 眀愀猀 昀愀爀 氀攀猀猀 愀瀀瀀攀愀氀椀渀最 琀栀愀渀 䤀 栀愀搀 愀渀琀椀挀椀瀀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 䐀愀搀✀猀 昀愀挀甀氀琀礀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀昀攀爀攀搀 愀 氀漀最椀挀愀氀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀 猀眀愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 洀礀 瀀爀椀搀攀 愀渀搀 攀渀爀漀氀氀攀搀 愀琀 䄀甀最猀戀甀爀最 眀栀攀爀攀 䤀 洀愀樀漀爀攀搀 椀渀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 椀渀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 愀 挀愀爀攀攀爀 椀渀 洀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀⸀ 䰀椀瘀椀渀最 愀琀 栀漀洀攀Ⰰ 洀礀 猀漀挀椀愀氀 氀椀昀攀 眀愀猀 爀攀猀琀爀椀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 戀椀挀礀挀氀攀 爀椀搀攀猀 愀氀漀渀最 琀栀攀 䴀椀猀猀椀猀猀椀瀀瀀椀 刀椀瘀攀爀 愀渀搀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀愀欀攀猀⸀ 䴀礀 挀氀漀猀攀猀琀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀 吀漀洀 愀渀搀 䨀甀氀椀愀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 椀渀 䴀椀渀渀攀猀漀琀愀 昀漀爀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀 愀渀搀 眀攀爀攀 最攀渀攀爀漀甀猀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀昀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀⸀ 䴀礀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 礀攀愀爀 愀琀 䄀甀最猀戀甀爀最 眀愀猀 攀渀氀椀瘀攀渀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀 䨀椀洀 愀渀搀 䤀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 愀渀搀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀猀椀琀礀 猀漀挀挀攀爀 琀攀愀洀⸀ 䤀 愀氀猀漀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 瀀愀爀琀 琀椀洀攀 搀攀氀椀瘀攀爀椀渀最 昀氀漀眀攀爀猀 昀漀爀 愀 氀漀挀愀氀 昀氀漀爀椀猀琀⸀ 䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 䤀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 猀礀洀瀀愀琀栀攀琀椀挀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䰀甀琀栀攀爀愀渀 愀昀昀椀氀椀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀挀栀漀漀氀Ⰰ 䤀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 洀礀 昀椀爀猀琀 爀攀愀氀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 猀攀氀昀ⴀ搀椀猀挀椀瀀氀椀渀攀 愀琀 䄀甀最猀戀甀爀最⸀ 䤀 最爀攀愀琀氀礀 戀攀渀攀昀椀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 攀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 昀愀挀甀氀琀礀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 䨀漀栀渀 䠀漀氀甀洀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀洀 愀渀搀 昀爀椀攀渀搀氀礀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀椀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 洀愀樀漀爀猀⸀ 唀渀氀椀欀攀 洀愀渀礀 挀愀洀瀀甀猀攀猀Ⰰ 䄀甀最猀戀甀爀最 氀愀挀欀攀搀 愀渀 漀瘀攀爀氀礀 挀漀洀瀀攀琀椀琀椀瘀攀 瀀爀攀ⴀ洀攀搀 愀琀洀漀猀瀀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀氀氀 攀椀最栀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀洀攀搀椀挀愀氀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 洀愀樀漀爀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀猀猀 漀昀 㤀㜀 眀攀爀攀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 洀攀搀椀挀愀氀 猀挀栀漀漀氀⸀ 䴀礀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀猀 䨀椀洀 愀渀搀 䴀愀爀欀 愀氀猀漀 愀琀琀攀渀搀攀搀 䄀甀最猀戀甀爀最 愀渀搀 眀攀渀琀 漀渀 琀漀 洀攀搀椀挀愀氀 猀挀栀漀漀氀⸀ 䄀渀渀攀琀琀愀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 䄀甀最猀戀甀爀最 戀攀昀漀爀攀 洀愀爀爀礀椀渀最 愀渀搀 爀愀椀猀椀渀最 栀攀爀 昀愀洀椀氀礀㬀 栀攀爀 搀愀甀最栀琀攀爀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀渀愀 栀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 愀 洀攀搀椀挀愀氀 搀漀挀琀漀爀⸀
In 1988, Peter Agre and coworkers (Denker BM, Smith BL, Kuhaida FP, Agre P, J. Biol. Chem. 1988, ㈀㘀㌀㨀㔀㘀㌀㐀ⴀ㔀㘀㐀㈀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀栀攀猀甀猀 戀氀漀漀搀 最爀漀甀瀀 愀渀琀椀最攀渀 愀琀 䨀漀栀渀猀 䠀漀瀀欀椀渀猀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 椀渀 䈀愀氀琀椀洀漀爀攀Ⰰ USA, serendipitously isolated a new 28 kDa membrane protein from human red blood cells, called, CHIP28 ⠀ᰀ挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 昀漀爀洀椀渀最 椀渀琀攀最爀愀氀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 漀昀 ㈀㠀 欀䐀愀氀琀漀渀猀⤀㬀 椀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 ㈀㠀 欀䐀愀 挀漀洀瀀漀渀攀渀琀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 had a 35-60 kDa glycosylated component, the one detected in 1986 by the Bengas group. Agre and coworkers 猀甀最最攀猀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 ᰀ琀栀椀猀 渀攀眀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 洀愀礀 瀀氀愀礀 愀 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 氀椀渀欀愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 猀欀攀氀攀琀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀椀瀀椀搀 戀椀氀愀礀攀爀ᴀ ⠀匀洀椀琀栀 BL, Agre P., J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266:6407-6415). 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀伀渀氀礀 椀渀 㤀㤀㈀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䄀最爀攀ᤀ猀 最爀漀甀瀀 猀甀最最攀猀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 ᰀ椀琀 椀猀 氀椀欀攀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 䌀䠀䤀倀㈀㠀 椀猀 愀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀愀氀 甀渀椀琀 漀昀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 water channels (Preston G.M, Carroll TP, Guggino WB, Agre P, Science, 1992, 256:385-387). In this paper, they挀椀琀攀搀 愀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 漀昀 䈀攀渀最愀 愀渀搀 挀漀眀漀爀欀攀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 㤀㠀㌀ ⠀䈀攀渀最愀 䜀栀Ⰰ 倀漀瀀攀猀挀甀 伀Ⰰ 倀漀瀀 嘀䤀⸀ 㤀㠀㌀Ⰰ 䌀攀氀氀 䈀椀漀氀 䤀渀琀 刀攀瀀Ⰰ 㜀㨀 㠀 㜀ⴀ 818), without mentioning their landmark 1986 papers or any of the reviews. In 1993 CHIP28 was renamed 愀焀甀愀瀀漀爀椀渀 ⠀琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀⤀⸀
It is obvious and overwhelmingly documented from the facts presented above that the first water channel 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 ⠀愀焀甀愀瀀漀爀椀渀 ⤀ 眀愀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 刀漀洀愀渀椀愀渀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀 䜀栀攀漀爀最栀攀 䈀攀渀最愀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀渀 㤀㠀㔀 愀渀搀 reported in publications in 1986. They detected the glycosylated form of the protein (subsequently worked on by䄀最爀攀ᤀ猀 最爀漀甀瀀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀礀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀氀礀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀攀搀 愀猀 瀀氀愀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀 欀攀礀 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 刀䈀䌀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀⸀
In October 2003, Peter Agre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for the discovery of water 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀猀ᴀ⸀ 䄀渀 椀渀瘀椀琀攀搀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀猀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀 眀愀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 戀礀 䈀攀渀最愀 椀渀 September 2003, one month before the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded (Benga Gh, Cell Biol. Int. 2003, ㈀㜀㨀㜀 ⴀ㜀 㤀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀攀洀椀渀愀氀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 昀爀漀洀 㤀㠀㘀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䈀攀渀最愀ᤀ猀 最爀漀甀瀀Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 completely overlooked by the Nobel Prize Committee. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 愀渀渀漀甀渀挀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㈀ ㌀ 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 眀愀猀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀搀 戀礀 一漀戀攀氀 䘀漀甀渀搀愀琀椀漀渀 Gheorghe Benga爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 愀 洀甀氀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 猀瀀漀渀琀愀渀攀漀甀猀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 ⠀瀀栀漀渀攀 挀愀氀氀猀Ⰰ 䔀ⴀ洀愀椀氀攀搀 洀攀猀猀愀最攀猀 愀渀搀 昀愀砀攀搀 letters) from all over the world. The scientists who sent messages to Gheorghe Benga considered that in fact he 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀搀 戀氀漀漀搀 挀攀氀氀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀猀 ⠀琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 氀愀琀攀爀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀焀甀愀瀀漀爀椀渀⤀ several years before Peter Agre and the chemical definition of this channel protein by Peter Agre has no more value 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 氀愀戀攀氀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀搀 戀氀漀漀搀 挀攀氀氀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 is located. As a result Gheorghe Benga wrote a PETITION, presented on October 18琀栀 at the 6琀栀 International 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀匀礀洀瀀漀猀椀甀洀 漀昀 䴀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䴀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀 ⠀䠀攀爀猀漀渀椀猀猀漀猀Ⰰ 䌀爀攀琀攀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀攀挀攀⤀ 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 渀漀眀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 愀琀 where a full background to the controversy can be seen.. 吀栀攀 瀀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 䜀栀攀漀爀最栀攀 䈀攀渀最愀ᤀ猀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 mentioned in comments on the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry⠀䈀爀愀搀氀攀礀 D. Spotlight, 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 IJ, Kuchel P., Medical Journal Australia, 179: 611-613, 2003; Rogerund K. Kemipriset vållar ny Nobelstrid, 䐀愀最攀渀猀 一礀栀攀琀攀爀Ⰰ 䐀攀挀攀洀戀爀椀攀 ㈀ ㌀㬀 匀琀爀椀搀 欀爀椀渀最 洀攀搀椀挀椀渀瀀爀椀猀攀琀⸀⸀⸀⸀漀挀栀 欀爀椀渀最 欀攀洀椀瀀爀椀猀攀琀Ⰰ 匀礀搀猀瘀攀渀猀欀愀 䐀愀最戀氀愀搀攀琀Ⰰ December 11, 2003; Nobel mystery. Newsletter of Kings College, January 2004). 䴀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 ㈀ 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀爀猀 昀漀爀洀 搀漀稀攀渀猀 漀昀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 愀 一漀戀攀氀 䰀愀甀爀攀愀琀攀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀攀 猀椀最渀攀搀 愀琀 ⸀ 䈀礀 渀漀眀Ⰰ 洀愀渀礀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 昀愀挀甀氀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 associations, research institutes, have recognized Gheorghe Benga as a discoverer of the first water channel protein 戀攀昀漀爀攀 倀攀琀攀 r Agre.Considering the facts presented above, we agree to recognize Gheorghe Benga as a discoverer of 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀栀愀渀渀攀氀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 愀 昀攀眀 礀攀愀爀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 倀攀琀攀爀 䄀最爀攀 ⠀㈀ ㌀ 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀⤀⸀
Ancestral origins
䤀渀 㠀㘀㈀Ⰰ 䄀戀爀愀栀愀洀 䰀椀渀挀漀氀渀 猀椀最渀攀搀 琀栀攀 䠀漀洀攀猀琀攀愀搀 䄀挀琀Ⰰ 愀 戀椀氀氀 漀瀀攀渀椀渀最 漀渀攀 栀愀氀昀 洀椀氀氀椀漀渀 猀焀甀愀爀攀 洀椀氀攀猀 漀昀 琀攀爀爀椀琀漀爀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀攀猀琀攀爀渀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 昀漀爀 猀攀琀琀氀攀洀攀渀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 䠀漀洀攀猀琀攀愀搀 䄀挀琀 漀昀昀攀爀攀搀 渀攀眀 愀爀爀椀瘀愀氀猀 昀爀漀洀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀椀攀猀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀爀琀甀渀椀琀礀 琀漀 猀琀愀欀攀 愀渀搀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 昀愀爀洀猀 漀昀 㘀 愀挀爀攀猀 戀礀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀愀渀搀 昀漀爀 昀椀瘀攀 礀攀愀爀猀⸀ 䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 漀渀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀攀攀渀猀 漀爀 攀愀爀氀礀 琀眀攀渀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 洀礀 最爀攀愀琀 最爀愀渀搀瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀氀礀 氀攀昀琀 琀栀攀椀爀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀猀 椀渀 一漀爀眀愀礀 愀渀搀 匀眀攀搀攀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 㠀㜀㔀 愀渀搀 㠀㠀㔀 愀渀搀 洀椀最爀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 眀攀猀琀攀爀渀 䴀椀渀渀攀猀漀琀愀 愀渀搀 匀漀甀琀栀 䐀愀欀漀琀愀⸀ 匀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀愀最漀渀椀猀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀瀀椀挀猀 漀昀 伀氀攀 刀漀氀瘀愀愀最 愀渀搀 嘀椀氀栀攀氀洀 䴀漀戀攀爀最Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀椀挀栀 昀愀爀洀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 洀愀爀爀椀攀搀Ⰰ 爀愀椀猀攀搀 昀愀洀椀氀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀搀 瀀爀漀猀瀀攀爀椀琀礀 甀渀愀琀琀愀椀渀愀戀氀攀 愀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀⸀
吀栀椀渀最猀 挀栀愀渀最攀搀 昀漀爀 洀礀 瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀✀ 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 䌀漀甀爀琀氀愀渀搀 䄀最爀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 琀眀漀 猀椀猀琀攀爀猀 最爀攀眀 甀瀀 椀渀 圀愀氀氀愀挀攀Ⰰ 愀 栀愀洀氀攀琀 椀渀 攀愀猀琀攀爀渀 匀漀甀琀栀 䐀愀欀漀琀愀 眀栀攀爀攀 栀椀猀 瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀 爀愀渀 琀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 猀琀漀爀攀⸀ 圀愀氀氀愀挀攀 眀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 琀栀攀 栀漀洀攀琀漀眀渀 漀昀 䠀甀戀攀爀琀 䠀甀洀瀀栀爀攀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀栀椀氀攀 洀礀 愀甀渀琀 倀攀愀爀氀 爀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀猀 戀愀戀礀ⴀ猀椀琀琀椀渀最 礀漀甀渀最 䠀甀戀攀爀琀Ⰰ 洀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀 愀爀搀攀渀琀 刀攀瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀渀Ⰰ 挀氀愀椀洀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 渀攀瘀攀爀 洀攀琀⸀ 吀漀 愀挀挀漀洀洀漀搀愀琀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 渀攀攀搀猀Ⰰ 洀礀 最爀愀渀搀瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 琀漀 愀 氀愀爀最攀爀 琀漀眀渀 愀渀搀 甀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 琀漀 䴀椀渀渀攀愀瀀漀氀椀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 䐀愀搀 攀愀爀渀攀搀 栀椀猀 䈀⸀匀⸀ 愀渀搀 倀栀⸀䐀⸀ 椀渀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䴀椀渀渀攀猀漀琀愀⸀ 䠀攀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 唀⸀匀⸀ 攀昀昀漀爀琀 椀渀 圀漀爀氀搀 圀愀爀 䤀䤀 戀礀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 愀猀 愀渀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀 瀀漀氀礀洀攀爀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 ㌀䴀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀⸀ 䴀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 䔀氀氀攀渀 匀眀攀搀戀攀爀最Ⰰ 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 猀椀砀琀栀 漀昀 攀椀最栀琀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀⸀ 䠀攀爀 甀瀀戀爀椀渀最椀渀最 眀愀猀 洀漀爀攀 猀攀瘀攀爀攀⸀ 匀栀攀 眀愀猀 漀渀氀礀 昀椀瘀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 漀氀搀 眀栀攀渀 栀攀爀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 搀椀攀搀㬀 氀愀琀攀爀 栀攀爀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 氀漀猀琀 琀栀攀椀爀 昀愀爀洀 椀渀 吀眀椀渀 䈀爀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ 匀漀甀琀栀 䐀愀欀漀琀愀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䐀攀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀琀 愀最攀 㠀Ⰰ 䴀漀琀栀攀爀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 匀琀⸀ 倀愀甀氀 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 栀攀爀猀攀氀昀⸀ 䐀攀猀瀀椀琀攀 攀氀攀瘀攀渀 礀攀愀爀猀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 愀最攀Ⰰ 䐀愀搀 愀渀搀 䴀漀洀 洀攀琀 愀琀 愀 䰀甀琀栀攀爀愀渀 挀栀甀爀挀栀 猀漀挀椀愀氀Ⰰ 昀攀氀氀 椀渀 氀漀瘀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀愀爀爀椀攀搀⸀ 䤀 眀愀猀 渀攀瘀攀爀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 栀漀眀 洀甀挀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 昀愀洀椀氀椀攀猀 愀瀀瀀爀漀瘀攀搀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 攀瘀攀渀 猀洀愀氀氀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 椀渀 最攀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀愀氀 漀爀椀最椀渀猀 愀爀攀 琀愀欀攀渀 瘀攀爀礀 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀氀礀 戀礀 匀挀愀渀搀椀渀愀瘀椀愀渀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 䄀最爀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 一漀爀眀攀最椀愀渀 ⠀伀猀琀攀爀搀愀氀攀渀 愀渀搀 吀爀漀渀搀攀氀愀最⤀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 匀眀攀搀戀攀爀最猀 栀愀搀 洀椀砀攀搀 漀爀椀最椀渀猀 ⴀ 匀眀攀搀椀猀栀 ⠀匀欀渀攀⤀ 愀渀搀 一漀爀眀攀最椀愀渀 ⠀吀攀氀攀洀愀爀欀⤀⸀
䌀栀椀氀搀栀漀漀搀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Following WWII, my parents moved to Northfield, a town 40 miles south of Minneapolis where Dad was recruited to the chemistry department at St. Olaf College. Dad was energetic and, with the help of his St. Olaf students during the summers, he built our house across the street from the college athletic fields and meadows. We could look up at the college from our living room. As was the tradition, Mom had babies and took care of the family. Preceded two years by my sister Annetta, I was born on January 30, 1949 and received the anglicized name of my grandfather, Peder. My closest sibling, James (Jim), was born one year later, followed by Paul, Ruth, and Mark. We had an idyllic childhood. Grandmother Agre lived nearby and coaxed us to speak rudimentary Norwegian in return for cookies and other bribes ("Jeg liker Bestemor's mat!"). Northfield was in many ways a new-world enclave of pre-Ibsen Norway with 19th century religious and socially conservative values. My friends had family names like Lunder, Finholt, Berglund, and Fredriksen. We schoolchildren all sat on the hillside waving our Norwegian flags when King Haakon visited St. Olaf. He was chauffeured from the train station to the college in the only Cadillac in town - owned by the local plumber. We always had lutefisk for Christmas dinner, after which Dad read from the Norwegian Bible. During the summers, he welcomed us into his laboratory at St. Olaf where he rigged simple "experiments" for us such as changing the color of solutions containing indicator dye by adding acid or base. As a youngster, it was obvious to me that I would follow my father's career path, since he was my greatest hero.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 䌀漀甀爀琀氀愀渀搀 䄀最爀攀 椀渀 栀椀猀 氀愀戀 愀琀 匀琀⸀ 伀氀愀昀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀⸀
䰀椀昀攀 挀栀愀渀最攀搀 昀漀爀 漀甀爀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 眀栀椀氀攀 䤀 眀愀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀爀搀 最爀愀搀攀⸀ 䜀爀愀渀搀洀漀琀栀攀爀 䄀最爀攀 搀椀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䐀愀搀 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 愀 猀愀戀戀愀琀椀挀愀氀 礀攀愀爀 愀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䌀愀氀椀昀漀爀渀椀愀⸀ 䐀愀搀 栀愀搀 栀椀最栀 愀猀瀀椀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 栀攀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀挀焀甀愀椀渀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 爀攀渀漀眀渀攀搀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀猀⸀ 䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀 眀愀猀 愀渀 愀洀愀稀椀渀最 挀栀愀渀最攀 昀爀漀洀 一漀爀琀栀昀椀攀氀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䨀椀洀 愀渀搀 䤀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀攀搀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀Ⰰ 琀漀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀 漀甀爀 一漀爀眀攀最椀愀渀 愀琀栀氀攀琀椀挀 愀渀搀 猀挀栀漀氀愀猀琀椀挀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀洀愀爀琀 愀渀搀 挀甀氀琀甀爀愀氀氀礀 栀攀琀攀爀漀最攀渀攀漀甀猀 䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀 礀漀甀渀最猀琀攀爀猀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 琀栀愀琀 洀礀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀 倀愀甀氀 眀愀猀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀搀 愀猀 洀攀渀琀愀氀氀礀 爀攀琀愀爀搀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀礀 猀椀猀琀攀爀 刀甀琀栀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 攀砀栀椀戀椀琀 栀攀爀 氀椀昀攀氀漀渀最 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀椀琀礀 搀椀猀漀爀搀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 氀愀挀欀 漀昀 椀洀瀀甀氀猀攀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀⸀ 圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀礀 渀攀瘀攀爀 昀爀攀琀琀攀搀 漀瀀攀渀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀猀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 洀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 洀礀 瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀 瀀爀漀昀漀甀渀搀 栀攀愀爀琀愀挀栀攀⸀
䘀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀 椀渀 䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀Ⰰ 眀攀 爀攀琀甀爀渀攀搀 琀漀 䴀椀渀渀攀猀漀琀愀⸀ 䄀氀眀愀礀猀 攀愀最攀爀 昀漀爀 愀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最攀Ⰰ 䐀愀搀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 愀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀猀栀椀瀀 愀琀 䄀甀最猀戀甀爀最 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀Ⰰ 愀 猀洀愀氀氀 一漀爀眀攀最椀愀渀 䰀甀琀栀攀爀愀渀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀 椀渀 䴀椀渀渀攀愀瀀漀氀椀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 椀渀 渀攀攀搀 漀昀 栀攀氀瀀⸀ 圀攀 氀椀瘀攀搀 椀渀 愀 戀攀愀甀琀椀昀甀氀Ⰰ 氀愀爀最攀 戀爀椀挀欀 栀漀甀猀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀渀欀猀 漀昀 䰀愀欀攀 一漀欀漀洀椀猀 愀渀搀 眀攀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 猀挀栀漀漀氀猀⸀ 䴀礀 椀渀挀漀渀猀椀猀琀攀渀琀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀愀渀挀攀 眀愀猀 甀猀甀愀氀氀礀 眀攀氀氀 琀漀氀攀爀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 愀猀 䤀 琀爀椀攀搀 琀漀 愀洀甀猀攀 洀礀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 挀氀愀猀猀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 洀礀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀 樀漀欀攀猀 愀渀搀 愀洀愀琀攀甀爀椀猀栀 眀椀琀⸀ 䄀猀 椀渀 一漀爀琀栀昀椀攀氀搀Ⰰ 洀礀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 欀椀渀搀攀猀琀 愀渀搀 渀椀挀攀猀琀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 椀洀愀最椀渀愀戀氀攀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 椀洀瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 琀漀 漀瘀攀爀攀猀琀椀洀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 愀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀昀攀 漀昀 愀 挀栀椀氀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀礀 愀氀氀ⴀ琀椀洀攀 昀愀瘀漀爀椀琀攀 眀愀猀 洀礀 猀椀砀琀栀 最爀愀搀攀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀 刀椀挀栀愀爀搀 䠀甀最栀攀猀 眀栀漀猀攀 欀椀渀搀氀礀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 最攀渀琀氀攀 猀攀渀猀攀 漀昀 栀甀洀漀爀 椀渀猀瀀椀爀攀搀 椀渀 甀猀 琀栀攀 椀搀攀愀 琀栀愀琀 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 椀猀 眀漀渀搀攀爀昀甀氀氀礀 昀甀渀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 猀栀愀爀攀搀 戀礀 洀愀渀礀⸀ 䴀礀 挀氀愀猀猀洀愀琀攀 䨀甀氀椀愀 䰀漀昀渀攀猀猀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 愀 挀氀漀猀攀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 昀爀椀攀渀搀 愀渀搀 猀琀椀氀氀 挀栀攀攀爀猀 洀攀 戀礀 爀攀琀攀氀氀椀渀最 攀瘀攀渀琀猀 昀爀漀洀 漀甀爀 搀愀礀猀 椀渀 䴀爀⸀ 䠀甀最栀攀猀✀ 挀氀愀猀猀⸀
䴀礀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀 䨀椀洀 愀渀搀 䤀 猀瀀攀渀琀 洀愀渀礀 眀漀渀搀攀爀昀甀氀 猀甀洀洀攀爀猀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 漀渀 搀愀椀爀礀 昀愀爀洀猀 椀渀 圀椀猀挀漀渀猀椀渀 漀眀渀攀搀 戀礀 䴀漀洀✀猀 挀漀甀猀椀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀猀 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀 漀昀 漀甀爀 氀漀挀愀氀 䈀漀礀 匀挀漀甀琀 琀爀漀漀瀀⸀ 匀挀漀甀琀椀渀最 眀愀猀 愀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 昀漀爀 甀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀漀甀猀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀甀爀 匀挀漀甀琀洀愀猀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 䠀愀爀漀氀搀 一攀甀攀渀搀漀爀昀 愀渀搀 䘀爀愀渀挀椀猀 䴀挀䴀愀栀漀渀Ⰰ 眀攀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀昀甀氀渀攀猀猀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 琀漀 挀愀洀瀀 漀甀琀 攀瘀攀渀 椀渀 䴀椀渀渀攀猀漀琀愀 眀椀渀琀攀爀猀⸀ 伀渀攀 漀昀 漀甀爀 栀愀瀀瀀椀攀猀琀 琀椀洀攀猀 眀愀猀 椀渀 㤀㘀㐀 眀栀攀渀 䨀椀洀 愀渀搀 䤀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 漀甀爀 䔀愀最氀攀 匀挀漀甀琀 䄀眀愀爀搀猀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 ⴀ 䐀愀搀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 猀渀愀瀀猀栀漀琀 椀渀 栀椀猀 眀愀氀氀攀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀琀 漀昀 栀椀猀 氀椀昀攀⸀ 䐀愀搀✀猀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 眀愀猀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 瀀愀氀瀀愀戀氀攀⸀ 一攀攀搀椀渀最 愀 洀攀搀椀挀愀氀 搀漀挀琀漀爀 琀漀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 攀砀愀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 挀愀洀瀀Ⰰ 䐀愀搀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 愀爀爀愀渀最攀搀 昀漀爀 漀渀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 昀漀爀洀攀爀 匀琀⸀ 伀氀愀昀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 琀漀 猀攀爀瘀攀⸀ 伀渀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀Ⰰ 䐀爀⸀ 䌀栀愀爀氀攀猀 䴀愀礀漀Ⰰ 最爀愀渀搀猀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀愀礀漀 䌀氀椀渀椀挀 昀漀甀渀搀攀爀Ⰰ 攀砀愀洀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 戀漀礀猀 漀昀 吀爀漀漀瀀 㠀㔀⸀ 䄀氀猀漀 愀猀 愀 匀挀漀甀琀Ⰰ 䤀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀 搀攀攀瀀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀甀氀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 伀樀椀戀眀愀礀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀猀 漀昀 一漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䴀椀渀渀攀猀漀琀愀 愀渀搀 攀砀瀀氀漀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 䌀愀渀愀搀椀愀渀 眀椀氀搀攀爀渀攀猀猀 戀礀 挀愀渀漀攀 ⴀ 愀渀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 猀琀椀氀氀 甀渀搀攀爀琀愀欀攀 眀椀琀栀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀 攀愀挀栀 猀甀洀洀攀爀⸀ 䤀渀 爀攀琀爀漀猀瀀攀挀琀Ⰰ 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 爀攀洀愀爀欀愀戀氀攀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀ⴀ搀愀礀猀 瘀椀猀椀琀 琀漀 漀甀爀 栀漀洀攀 戀礀 䐀愀搀✀猀 昀爀椀攀渀搀 䰀椀渀甀猀 倀愀甀氀椀渀最 眀栀漀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 氀攀挀琀甀爀攀猀 漀渀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 ⠀猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 漀昀 栀椀猀 㤀㔀㐀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀⤀ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 搀愀渀最攀爀猀 漀昀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 愀爀洀猀 ⠀猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 漀昀 栀椀猀 㤀㘀㈀ 一漀戀攀氀 倀攀愀挀攀 倀爀椀稀攀⤀⸀ 䤀渀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀Ⰰ 倀愀甀氀椀渀最 眀愀猀 樀漀瘀椀愀氀Ⰰ 挀漀渀昀椀搀攀渀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀漀爀攀 攀渀最愀最椀渀最 琀栀愀渀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 眀攀 栀愀搀 攀瘀攀爀 洀攀琀⸀ 䐀愀搀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 爀愀瘀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 倀愀甀氀椀渀最✀猀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀攀猀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀攀 椀渀猀琀椀氀氀攀搀 椀渀 甀猀 栀椀猀 瘀椀攀眀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀氀漀猀攀猀琀 琀栀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 䠀漀氀礀 䜀爀愀椀氀⸀
䠀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 愀渀搀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀
My years at Theodore Roosevelt high school were notable for reasons other than academics. Like other adolescents, I developed a strong attraction to girls and discovered that my parents' ideas were not the least bit interesting. I earned money as a concession salesman at the Minnesota Twins and Vikings games. At this time I developed a lifelong love of cross country skiing and long distance bicycling with my close friend and classmate Tom Page, an aspiring artist and fellow adventurer. Following my junior year in high school, I went on a camping trip through Russia in a group led by Horst Momber, a young language teacher from Roosevelt. This permanently sparked great enthusiasm for international travel in me. After my return, I gravitated in a Bohemian direction. Fancying myself as some sort of Bolshevik, my senior year in high school went badly in terms of conforming with my family's expectations. Rebelling against the establishment, my friends and I self-published an underground newspaper, The Substandard - a parody of the Roosevelt High School Standard. Our foray into newspaper work caused much delight amongst everyone except the school administration. Facing dismissal, I withdrew from school in the winter of 1967 when my grade in chemistry had dropped to a "D." Nevertheless, I finished my high school degree in night school, and I studied Russian language at the University of Minnesota during the day. I worked the evening shift and drove a truck for a factory making dummy land mines and parts for military equipment destined for the war in Vietnam.㰀戀爀㸀 This experience in the real world was far less appealing than I had anticipated, but Dad's faculty position offered a logical solution. I swallowed my pride and enrolled at Augsburg where I majored in chemistry in preparation for a career in medicine. Living at home, my social life was restricted to bicycle rides along the Mississippi River and around the lakes. My closest friends Tom and Julia remained in Minnesota for college and were generous sources of support. My second year at Augsburg was enlivened when brother Jim and I organized and played for the varsity soccer team. I also worked part time delivering flowers for a local florist. Although I was not sympathetic to the Lutheran affiliation of the school, I developed my first real academic self-discipline at Augsburg. I greatly benefited from excellent faculty, especially John Holum, the organic chemistry professor, and from the warm and friendly personalities of the other chemistry majors. Unlike many campuses, Augsburg lacked an overly competitive pre-med atmosphere, and all eight of the premedical chemistry majors in the class of 1970 were accepted into medical school. My brothers Jim and Mark also attended Augsburg and went on to medical school. Annetta graduated from Augsburg before marrying and raising her family; her daughter Christina has also become a medical doctor. 㰀⼀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 䤀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 漀渀 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀 㤀Ⰰ 㤀㔀㘀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 漀昀 愀 猀渀漀眀猀琀漀爀洀⸀ 䤀琀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 栀甀洀漀爀漀甀猀 昀愀洀椀氀礀 猀琀漀爀椀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 氀椀欀攀猀 琀漀 琀攀氀氀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀渀渀攀爀 栀愀搀 爀攀栀攀愀爀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 栀漀猀瀀椀琀愀氀 戀甀琀 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀氀礀 琀栀椀渀最猀 氀漀漀欀攀搀 愀 氀漀琀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 愀琀 渀椀最栀琀 椀渀 愀 戀氀椀稀稀愀爀搀⸀ 䔀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 琀栀攀礀 洀愀搀攀 椀琀 愀渀搀 猀漀 搀椀搀 䤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀漀甀爀琀栀 漀昀 猀攀瘀攀渀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 眀愀猀 愀 瀀漀猀琀愀氀 眀漀爀欀攀爀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 眀愀猀 瘀攀爀礀 礀漀甀渀最 戀甀琀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀洀攀爀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀椀最 䤀䈀䴀 洀愀椀渀 昀爀愀洀攀猀⸀ 䴀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 愀猀 愀 瀀愀爀琀 琀椀洀攀 猀挀栀漀漀氀琀攀愀挀栀攀爀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 洀漀猀琀氀礀 琀漀漀欀 挀愀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀 愀琀 栀漀洀攀⸀ 吀栀椀渀欀椀渀最 戀愀挀欀 漀渀 椀琀 渀漀眀 䤀 欀渀漀眀 眀攀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 洀甀挀栀 洀漀渀攀礀 戀甀琀 䤀 渀攀瘀攀爀 欀渀攀眀 琀栀愀琀 最爀漀眀椀渀最 甀瀀⸀ 䴀礀 瀀愀爀攀渀琀猀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 愀 栀愀瀀瀀礀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 洀愀搀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 挀氀攀愀爀 琀漀 甀猀⸀ 吀攀氀攀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 戀愀搀 昀漀爀 礀漀甀Ⰰ 爀攀愀搀椀渀最 椀猀 最漀漀搀 昀漀爀 礀漀甀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 礀漀甀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 最攀琀 愀渀 䄀 昀漀爀 攀昀昀漀爀琀 椀渀 猀挀栀漀漀氀⸀ 圀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 攀渀搀 甀瀀 搀漀椀渀最 椀渀 氀椀昀攀 椀猀 甀瀀 琀漀 礀漀甀⸀ 䨀甀猀琀 洀愀欀攀 猀甀爀攀 礀漀甀 攀渀樀漀礀 眀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 搀漀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀渀 礀漀甀 眀椀氀氀 搀漀 椀琀 眀攀氀氀⸀ 圀攀 愀氀氀 瀀甀爀猀甀攀搀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀氀礀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 眀愀氀欀猀 漀昀 氀椀昀攀⸀ 䤀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 琀栀攀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀⸀
䤀 猀甀瀀瀀漀猀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀洀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 洀礀 琀攀渀搀攀渀挀礀 琀漀 愀 氀椀昀攀 漀昀 挀甀爀椀漀猀椀琀礀⸀ 䄀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀氀礀 昀爀漀洀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 礀漀甀渀最 愀最攀 䤀 栀愀搀 愀 栀愀戀椀琀 漀昀 愀猀欀椀渀最 氀漀琀猀 漀昀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀㨀 ✀眀栀愀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀 椀昀⸀㼀✀ 眀愀猀 愀 昀愀瘀漀爀椀琀攀⸀ 䄀渀搀 䤀 氀椀欀攀搀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 昀愀挀琀猀 猀琀爀愀椀最栀琀 愀渀搀 欀渀漀眀椀渀最 栀漀眀 琀栀椀渀最猀 眀漀爀欀 愀渀搀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 栀攀猀椀琀愀琀攀 琀漀 最椀瘀攀 攀砀瀀氀愀渀愀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 琀栀漀猀攀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 洀攀Ⰰ 愀瀀瀀愀爀攀渀琀氀礀 琀漀 愀渀 愀渀渀漀礀椀渀最 搀攀最爀攀攀 猀漀洀攀琀椀洀攀猀⸀ 䤀 爀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀 漀渀攀 搀愀礀 洀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 栀椀猀 瀀愀琀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 䤀 眀愀猀 愀 ✀挀漀洀瀀攀渀搀椀甀洀 漀昀 甀猀攀氀攀猀猀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀✀⸀ 䤀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 挀愀渀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀 栀椀猀 瀀氀椀最栀琀 眀椀琀栀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀攀瘀攀渀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 眀愀礀 琀漀漀 洀愀渀礀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 愀渀猀眀攀爀猀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 伀渀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀瘀攀 猀椀搀攀Ⰰ 䤀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 愀 渀攀眀 眀漀爀搀 琀栀愀琀 搀愀礀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 氀漀漀欀攀搀 甀瀀 挀漀洀瀀攀渀搀椀甀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀椀挀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀⸀
吀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 攀瘀攀渀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀礀 挀甀爀椀漀猀椀琀礀 洀椀最栀琀 戀攀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀⸀ 䈀甀爀氀椀渀最琀漀渀 䴀愀猀猀愀挀栀甀猀攀琀琀猀 眀愀猀 爀甀爀愀氀 眀栀攀渀 䤀 眀愀猀 礀漀甀渀最 愀渀搀 䤀 氀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 爀漀愀洀 愀渀搀 攀砀瀀氀漀爀攀⸀ 䤀 栀愀搀 爀漀挀欀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀愀搀 挀栀椀氀搀爀攀渀✀猀 戀漀漀欀猀 漀渀 最攀漀氀漀最礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀琀栀⸀ 䤀 洀愀搀攀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 瘀漀氀挀愀渀漀攀猀 漀甀琀 漀昀 瀀氀愀猀琀攀爀 漀昀 瀀愀爀椀猀 愀渀搀 愀搀搀攀搀 戀愀欀椀渀最 猀漀搀愀 愀渀搀 瘀椀渀攀最愀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀爀愀琀攀爀猀 琀漀 猀椀洀甀氀愀琀攀 瘀漀氀挀愀渀椀挀 攀爀甀瀀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䤀 栀愀搀 愀渀 愀挀挀椀搀攀渀琀 漀渀攀 搀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀搀攀 洀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 氀愀甀最栀 琀漀 洀礀 甀琀琀攀爀 昀爀甀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 愀琀 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀渀最 愀最攀 䤀 昀愀椀氀攀搀 琀漀 愀瀀瀀爀攀挀椀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 栀甀洀漀爀 椀渀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 戀漀礀 琀攀氀氀椀渀最 栀椀猀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 栀攀 栀愀搀 搀爀漀瀀瀀攀搀 愀 瘀漀氀挀愀渀漀 漀渀 栀椀猀 琀漀攀℀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 䤀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 戀甀琀琀攀爀昀氀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀甀爀琀氀攀猀Ⰰ 猀渀愀欀攀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀椀渀最猀⸀ 伀渀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 洀礀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 攀渀爀漀氀氀攀搀 洀攀 椀渀 愀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 攀渀爀椀挀栀洀攀渀琀 挀氀愀猀猀 昀漀爀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 䤀 眀愀猀 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 栀漀洀攀 愀 洀椀挀爀漀猀挀漀瀀攀⸀ 䤀 甀猀攀搀 椀琀 琀漀 氀漀漀欀 愀琀 攀瘀攀爀礀琀栀椀渀最 䤀 挀漀甀氀搀 昀椀渀搀㨀 洀椀挀爀漀漀爀最愀渀椀猀洀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 渀攀愀爀戀礀 瀀漀渀搀Ⰰ 氀攀愀瘀攀猀 愀渀搀 戀氀愀搀攀猀 漀昀 最爀愀猀猀⸀ 䤀 猀瀀攀渀琀 栀漀甀爀 愀昀琀攀爀 栀漀甀爀 愀氀漀渀攀Ⰰ 洀攀猀洀攀爀椀稀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 琀椀渀礀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 琀栀椀渀最猀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀漀甀氀搀 猀攀攀⸀
䴀礀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 挀甀爀椀漀猀椀琀礀 琀漀漀欀 愀 戀愀挀欀 猀攀愀琀 琀漀 愀琀栀氀攀琀椀挀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 樀甀渀椀漀爀 栀椀最栀 愀渀搀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀⸀ 䜀礀洀渀愀猀琀椀挀猀 眀愀猀 愀 最漀漀搀 洀愀琀挀栀 琀漀 洀礀 猀洀愀氀氀 戀甀椀氀搀 愀渀搀 琀漀 洀礀 猀漀氀椀琀愀爀礀 渀愀琀甀爀攀⸀ 䤀 眀愀猀 愀 洀攀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 愀 琀攀愀洀 戀甀琀 最礀洀渀愀猀琀椀挀猀 椀猀 愀渀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 猀瀀漀爀琀⸀ 夀漀甀 氀攀愀爀渀 愀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 愀 ✀洀漀瘀攀✀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 愀 ✀爀漀甀琀椀渀攀✀⸀ 䄀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 礀漀甀 瀀攀爀昀攀挀琀 椀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀Ⰰ 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 洀漀猀琀氀礀 愀氀漀渀攀⸀ 䤀 栀愀搀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 最漀漀搀 渀漀 渀漀渀猀攀渀猀攀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀Ⰰ 挀漀愀挀栀 䠀愀礀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 椀渀猀琀椀氀氀攀搀 椀渀 洀攀 琀栀攀 椀搀攀愀 漀昀 瀀攀爀昀攀挀琀椀漀渀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀⸀ 䤀 眀愀猀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 渀漀琀 愀氀氀 琀栀愀琀 戀愀搀Ⰰ 瀀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 愀琀 昀氀漀漀爀 攀砀攀爀挀椀猀攀 愀渀搀 栀椀最栀 戀愀爀⸀ 䤀 攀瘀攀渀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 瀀甀爀猀甀椀渀最 最礀洀渀愀猀琀椀挀猀 椀渀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 搀甀爀椀渀最 洀礀 昀椀渀愀氀 礀攀愀爀 漀昀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 䤀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 眀漀渀搀攀爀 眀栀愀琀 䤀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 瀀甀爀猀甀攀 昀漀爀 愀 挀愀爀攀攀爀⸀
䤀 愀琀琀攀渀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䴀愀猀猀愀挀栀甀猀攀琀琀猀 椀渀 䈀漀猀琀漀渀 昀漀爀 漀渀攀 礀攀愀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀漀 䈀爀愀渀搀攀椀猀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀⸀ 䈀爀愀渀搀攀椀猀 眀愀猀 愀渀 攀礀攀 漀瀀攀渀椀渀最 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀 昀漀爀 洀攀⸀ 䘀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀 洀礀 氀椀昀攀 䤀 眀愀猀 椀渀 愀 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀氀礀 椀渀琀攀氀氀攀挀琀甀愀氀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀氀愀猀猀攀猀 琀攀渀搀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 猀洀愀氀氀Ⰰ 椀渀琀攀渀猀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀琀椀洀甀氀愀琀椀渀最⸀ 䤀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀搀 愀 瀀愀猀猀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 眀愀猀 瘀攀爀礀 最漀漀搀 愀琀 椀琀⸀ 䤀 挀栀漀猀攀 䈀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 愀猀 愀 洀愀樀漀爀 愀渀搀 愀 渀攀眀氀礀 愀爀爀椀瘀攀搀 愀猀猀椀猀琀愀渀琀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 渀愀洀攀搀 䌀栀爀椀猀 䴀椀氀氀攀爀 昀漀爀 洀礀 栀漀渀漀爀猀 琀栀攀猀椀猀 愀搀瘀椀猀漀爀⸀ 䠀攀 栀愀搀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 眀椀琀栀 戀椀最 眀椀渀搀漀眀猀 愀渀搀 氀漀琀猀 漀昀 氀椀最栀琀 猀栀椀渀椀渀最 椀渀⸀ 䤀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 挀愀氀挀椀甀洀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 愀渀搀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 挀攀氀氀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 愀猀 愀渀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀搀攀⸀ 䤀 挀漀甀氀搀 猀攀攀 琀栀愀琀 䌀栀爀椀猀 䴀椀氀氀攀爀 眀愀猀 愀 洀愀渀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 氀漀琀猀 漀昀 昀甀渀 椀渀 栀椀猀 搀愀椀氀礀 氀椀昀攀 愀渀搀 椀琀 眀愀猀 椀渀猀瀀椀爀椀渀最 琀漀 洀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀攀洀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 猀琀愀礀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 洀攀⸀ 䈀甀琀 琀栀攀 戀椀最最攀猀琀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 䈀爀愀渀搀攀椀猀 栀愀搀 漀渀 洀礀 氀椀昀攀 栀愀瀀瀀攀渀攀搀 椀渀 倀栀礀猀椀挀猀 挀氀愀猀猀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 䤀 洀攀琀 洀礀 昀甀琀甀爀攀 眀椀昀攀 䄀氀椀挀攀 䰀攀攀Ⰰ 眀栀漀猀攀 猀瀀愀爀欀氀椀渀最 攀礀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀栀愀爀瀀 洀椀渀搀 挀愀甀最栀琀 洀礀 愀琀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀⸀
䄀最愀椀渀猀琀 䌀栀爀椀猀 䴀椀氀氀攀爀✀猀 愀搀瘀椀挀攀 䤀 眀攀渀琀 琀漀 洀攀搀椀挀愀氀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 愀昀琀攀爀 䈀爀愀渀搀攀椀猀⸀ 䤀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 愀琀 吀甀昀琀猀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 匀挀栀漀漀氀 漀昀 䴀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 愀琀 䈀攀琀栀 䤀猀爀愀攀氀 䠀漀猀瀀椀琀愀氀 䈀漀猀琀漀渀 昀漀爀 栀漀甀猀攀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀 琀爀愀椀渀椀渀最 椀渀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀氀 䴀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀⸀ 䤀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 愀 氀漀琀 戀甀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 䤀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 琀愀欀攀渀 䌀栀爀椀猀✀ 愀搀瘀椀挀攀 琀漀 瀀甀爀猀甀攀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀⸀ 䴀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 愀 氀漀琀 漀昀 洀攀洀漀爀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 愀渀愀氀礀琀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 猀漀氀瘀椀渀最⸀ 吀漀 欀攀攀瀀 愀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 洀礀 戀爀愀椀渀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 䤀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 猀琀甀搀礀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀 琀栀椀猀 攀瘀攀渀 琀漀搀愀礀Ⰰ 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 渀攀眀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀 愀渀搀 猀漀氀瘀椀渀最 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 搀椀猀挀椀瀀氀椀渀攀搀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀 䤀 栀愀搀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 椀渀 最礀洀渀愀猀琀椀挀猀⸀ 䤀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 渀攀愀爀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 栀漀甀猀攀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀 琀爀愀椀渀椀渀最 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 䨀椀洀 䴀漀爀最愀渀 猀琀甀搀礀椀渀最 挀愀氀挀椀甀洀 椀渀 挀愀爀搀椀愀挀 洀甀猀挀氀攀 挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀椀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 瘀攀爀礀 攀渀樀漀礀愀戀氀攀 愀渀搀 欀攀瀀琀 洀攀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 洀攀搀椀挀椀渀攀⸀ 䈀甀琀 䤀 栀愀搀 愀 礀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 琀漀 眀漀爀欀 漀渀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 戀愀猀椀挀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀攀愀渀琀 䤀 眀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 琀漀 戀爀攀愀欀 洀礀 洀攀搀椀挀愀氀 琀椀攀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 愀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 䤀 栀愀搀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 猀漀 洀愀渀礀 礀攀愀爀猀 椀渀 洀攀搀椀挀愀氀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀㬀 琀漀 愀戀愀渀搀漀渀 椀琀 眀愀猀 琀漀 愀搀洀椀琀 琀漀 洀礀猀攀氀昀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀搀 洀椀猀猀瀀攀渀琀 愀 戀椀最 瀀椀攀挀攀 漀昀 洀礀 氀椀昀攀⸀ 䄀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 琀椀洀攀 昀椀渀愀氀氀礀 琀漀 最攀琀 愀 瀀攀爀洀愀渀攀渀琀 樀漀戀㬀 愀昀琀攀爀 愀氀氀Ⰰ 洀礀 眀椀昀攀 䄀氀椀挀攀 栀愀搀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 洀攀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 礀攀愀爀猀 漀昀 琀爀愀椀渀椀渀最⸀ 一漀琀 琀漀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀 䤀 眀愀猀 渀攀愀爀氀礀 ㌀ 礀攀愀爀猀 漀氀搀 眀椀琀栀 渀漀 爀攀愀氀 戀愀猀椀挀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 琀爀愀椀渀椀渀最 戀攀礀漀渀搀 洀礀 䈀爀愀渀搀攀椀猀 甀渀搀攀爀最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀㨀 眀漀甀氀搀 䤀 攀瘀攀渀 戀攀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 椀琀 愀猀 愀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀㼀
Alice Lee in 1986 at the time of my decision to leave medicine for science. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
Two factors had the greatest influence on my decision. Back in my first year of medical school I lost my sister Elley, an artist only two years my senior. Diagnosed with leukemia during my hematology clerkship as I learned about the dreaded disease, she lasted only two months. This horrifying event impressed upon me how fragile and precious life is, and how important it is to seize the moment and enjoy what you do while you can. I remember thinking when I look back upon my life at the age of seventy, thirty will seem young: just go for it. And the second factor was Alice. She had complete faith in my ability to succeed. Never mind that postdoctoral studies meant a reduction of my already piddling house officer salary. She simply said you have no choice; we will manage somehow.㰀戀爀㸀
Memories of Chris Miller's laboratory beckoned so I returned for postdoctoral studies. Of course I will never out live his reminding me that I should have listened to him in the first place. Feeling far behind in my knowledge I approached my postdoctoral studies with intensity, learning techniques and theory. I felt I should be an expert in electrochemistry, stochastic processes, linear systems theory, and many more subjects. I read books, solved the problem sets, mastered the subjects, and carried out experiments. I had the very good fortune of a coworker Jacques Neyton, a postdoctoral scientist from France. Jacques is a very critical thinker who would brood on a problem. We exchanged ideas often. When I would tell him one of my ideas he had a tendency just to listen quietly. Then, after a while, if his response started with 'Hey Roddy, there's something I don't understand' I knew I was in trouble - my idea was probably no good!㰀⼀瀀㸀
㰀⼀栀㐀㸀
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